Methods Animal experiment Male SHR and WKY rats, aged 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 16 weeks, were obtained from the Laboratory Animals Research Unit of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia and housed at room temperature with a 1212 h lightdark cycle (06001800 hours), and with access ad libitum to food and water throughout the experimental period
Vitamin D3 injections offer superior absorption and longer-lasting effects compared to oral supplements
Although studies have found that general anesthesia-induced mitochondrial depolarization is not directly related to Ca 2+ influx [24, 74], mitochondrial calcium overload caused by Ca 2+ influx can lead to a decrease in MMP through a series of mechanisms, which are discussed in subsequent sections of this review
The key procedure is also adding mannitol to the capsule, which additionally extends the stability of the peptide