In contrast, studies with lower scores (5) had limitations in selection representativeness, comparability, and follow-up adequacy, potentially introducing bias, particularly in those relying on self-reported COPD diagnosis rather than objective measures
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On average, men are also more likely to be heavy smokers and to smoke more cigarettes per day (Giovino 2004)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products"
Findings link both to significantly increased risk for bladder, esophagus, larynx, lung, oral and pancreatic cancer