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Around 45% of the estimated 1.3 worldwide deaths caused by second-hand smoke are attributed to ischaemic heart disease

Mouse models have also confirmed that e-cigarettes increase immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils, as well as multiple COPD-related cytokines, including CCL2, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, M-CSF, and TNF-

This can paralyse and then kill the little hair-like structures called cilia that line the airways of the lungs: these structures help to clear the lungs of dust and debris

3 or more times per week) and alcohol consumption (less than/more than once per month in the past year)

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has decades of research backing it