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While the use of complex organotypic airway epithelium tissue cultures grown at the airliquid interface is a step in the right direction, they are not representative of the alveoli and more generally lack the immune cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells present in the lung

Archived from the original on January 18, 2026

This can lead to low blood oxygen levels, which, if present for a prolonged period, can result in narrowing of the arteries in the lungs, while emphysema leads to the breakdown of capillaries in the lungs