Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances known today and has an unprecedented potential to foster habitual dependence
Future reviews should investigate individual symptomology (eg, negative affect, somatic features, etc.) and their relationship with smoking behavior, as previous research has indicated that specific symptoms may be differentially associated with smoking motivations and tobacco withdrawal
E-cigarettes: While e-cigarettes produce fewer of the toxins found in cigarette smoke, the long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown, and the most recent evidence suggests that e-cigarettes may pose their own unique health harms including to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
MO: Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Writing review and editing
Treatment with hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit): Adults: 5 g administered intravenously as an infusion over 15-30 minutes, repeated if necessary Children: 70 mg/kg body weight Note that after treatment with hydroxocobalamin, the skin, urine, and other body fluids will turn bright red