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Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, glucose metabolism reprogramming, cigarette smoke, mitochondrial dysfunction, targeted metabolic intervention Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent and heterogeneous respiratory disorder characterized by irreversible airflow limitation and chronic respiratory symptoms, with primary clinical phenotypes including chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Every cigarette contributes to long-term damage

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Then they continue smoking for decades, even as it shortens their lives, ruins their health, and empties their wallets

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